~fsk;7| jkpo; fiyfspd; jd;dk;gpf;if njhlHghf vdj; jiyg;gpl;l rptNrfuj;jpd; fl;Liuia tpkHrdj;Jf;Fl;gLj;Jk; Nehf;fpy; ,f;fl;Liu vOjg;gLfpd;wJ.

nkhop vd;gJ ,uz;L kdpjUf;Fs; njhlHig Vw;gLj;Jk; Clfk; vd;w epiy khwp> ,J nghUshjhu eyj;Jld; njhlHGila kw;iwa nkhopfs; kPJ Mjpf;fk; nra;Ak; Clfkhf ,d;W cyfpy; cs;sJ. cyfstpy; jkpo; nkhop mjpfkhfg; NgRk; kf;fs; njhiff;Fs; cs;slf;Fk; tofapy; Kjy; 15f;Fs; ,Ue;J NghJk;> jkpo; nkhop jdJ epiyia ,oe;Js;sJ. me;JsTf;F Mjpf;fr; rf;jpfshYk;> nghUsPl;Lk; Ntl;ifapd; ntwpapy; jkpo; rpije;J NghAs;sJ. ehk; nkhop gw;wpg; NgRk; NghJ xU nkhop ntwpadhf epd;W ngRtjy;y. khwhf nkhop kPjhd xLf;FjYf;$lhd Mjpf;f rf;jpfis vjpHf;Fk; tifapy; nkhopgw;wpg; NgRfpNwhk;.

cyfpy; 30 yl;rk; tUlq;fSf,F Kd; gue;J tho;e;J kdpj ,dk; mope;J ,Wjpahf Mgpupf;fhtpy; Xuplj;jpy; khj;jpuNk kdpjd; vQ;rpapUe;jhd;. mtNd vy;yh kdpj ,dj;jpd; %jhijad; vd;gJld;> me;J kf;fs; Ngrpa xU nkhopapypUe;Nj Vida nkhopfs; Njhd;wpd vd;gij ,d;Iwa GijnghUs; r%f Ma;thsHfs; jpl;ltl;lkhf epWtpAs;sdH.

nkhopnjhlHghfNt> ,dk; njhlHghfNt NgRk; NghJ ntWg;G vd;gjw;F mg;ghy;> Mjpf;f rf;jpfis vjpHj;jy; vd;w mstpy; ehk; nkhop ,dk; njhlHghf njspthd tiuaiwiaf; nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. cyfstpy; mjpf;f rf;jpfis vjpHf;Fk; itifapy; kf;fs; jkJ Nghuhl;lj;ij vjpHfhyj;jpy; Kd;NdLg;gH. ,Wjpahf Mjpf;f rf;jpfs; ,y;yhj xU epiyapy; cyfpy; vy;yh kdpjDf;Fk; xLf;F Kiwaw;w> Ruz;lyw;w> rfkdpjdhf khWk; ehspy; nkhop vd;gJ njhlHG Clfkhf kj;jpuNk ,Uf;Fk;. ,e;epiyapy; ,uz;L kdpjHfl;fpilapy; njlHG nkhop vd;w tifapy; gy nkhopj; Njit ,y;yhJ Ngha; xU nkhopapd; Njit cUthFk;. mg;NghJ xU ,yFthd nkhopiaj; NjHe;NjLf;fNt> my;yJ GjpaNjhH nkhopia kf;fs; cUthf;FtH. ,J vjpHfhyj;jpy; kf;fs; Kd; cs;s ghupa flikahFk;.

ehk; ,d;W gy;NtW gl;l Mjpf;f vy;iyf;Fs; tho;tjhy; Mjpf;f vy;iyf;Fs; tho;tjhy; ehk; mij vjpHj;Jg; NghuhLk; tho; epiyapy;> nkhop njhlHghd ghHit njopthf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,e;J tofapy; fiy njhlHghf> Fwpg;ghf ,ir njhlHghf Muha;Nthk;.

,d;W jkpopirf;F Vw;gLk; Mgj;J xU Gwk;> ghHg;gdpa rk];fpwpjj;jhy; Vw;gLk; Mgj;J kWGwk;> rpdpkh nky;ypir %yk; cl;GFk; Nkw;fj;Nja rPuopT ,ir %yk; Vw;gLfpd;wJ. ,d;Ws;s ghHg;gdpa fHehlf ,ir El;gkhd rjpahy; jkpopiria tpOq;fpaJ. mj;NjL jpiuapirAld; $ba Nkw;fj;Nja rPuopT ,ir jkpopiria mopj;jJ xopf;fpd;wJ. ,jpypUe;J kPs rptNrfuk; cl;gl gyH fHehlf ,iria jkpopy; ghl Ntz;Lk; vd;W Ntz;LNfhs; tpLf;fpd;wdH. ,d;W fHehlf rq;fPjk; ,Uf;Fk; epiyapy; mJ ghHg;gdpa ,e;J thjj;jpd; mbg;gilahf cs;sNjhL ,e;J kj ntwpapd; ClhfTk; cs;sJ. Fwpg;ghf ,J jkpo; nkhop ngRk; kf;fspilNa ,ir vd;w epiyapy; ,y;iy. jkpo; nkhop ngRk; ,];yhkpa> fpwp];jt kf;fsplkpUe;J md;dpgg; gl;l tifapy; ,e;J thjj;ijg; Nghkpf;Fk; xU tbtkhfNt cs;sJ. ,ij khw;wp mikg;gnjd;gJ ,jw;nfjpuhd Nghuhl;lj;jpd; ntw;wpapd; gpd;Ng rhj;jpakhFk;. me;J ntw;wp r%f khw;wj;jpd; gpd;Ng xopa Kd;NdUNghJk; rhj;jpkpy;iy. jkpopirapypUe;J fsthba fHehlf ,iria khj;jpuk; ,d;W gyH jkpopirahf tiuaWf;f KidtJ xU NkhrbNa. ,d;W ehl;Lg;Gw ,ir vd;gJ ,oprhH gpuptpduJk; ciof;Fk; kf;fspd; tbtkhfTk; cs;sJ. ,t;tpirf;F kjg;gpupTfs; fpilahJ. ,t;tpir kPJ elj;Jk; Mf;fpukpg;Gk;> mopg;Gk; ,d;iwa epfo;r;rp epuyhf cs;sJ.

,d;wa cldbj; Njit ehl;Lg; Gw ,iria kPl;NlLg;gJk;> mijj; jkpo; kf;fs; ,irahf tsHg;gJk; mtrpakhFk;. ,J ,e;jpah ,yq;if vd;wstpy; tpupthd tpilak;. ehl;Lg;Gw ,irf;F rthy; tpLk; nky;ypiria vLg;gpd;

1. ,ioauh[tpd; rpdpkh ,ir = ehl;Lg;Gw ,ir + nky;ypir + fHehlf ,ir + Nkw;fj;Nja ,ir vd;gdthFk;.

2. MH uFkhdpd; jpiuapir = nky;ypir + fHehlf ,ir + Nkw;fj;Nja ,ir vd;gdthFk;.

,JNt ,t;tpUtHfSf;Fk; cs;s NtWghlhFk;. ehl;Lg;Gw ,irf;F rthy; tpLgtHfs; ,tHfshfNt cs;sdH. ,ijnahl;b tpupthff; fPNo Muha;Nthk;. fHehlf ,ir bvd;gJ jkpopirapy; ,Ue;J fsthlg;gl;lNj. ,J ,e;jpahtpw;fg;ghy; Njrpaj;jpd; (rptNrfuk; $WtJ Nghy;) gy;NtW ,irj; njhFjpfspd; njhFg;gy;y. ,e;Jpaj; NJrpk; vd;w xd,W gpupj;jhdpaHfshy; cUthf;fg;gl;lNj xopa mJ ,ay;ghdjhf cs;Wk; ,Ue;Jjpy;iy> ,d;Wk; ,y;iy.

fhHehlf ,ir vd;gjw;Fk; fHehlfhj;jpw;Fk; vt;tpj njhlHGk; ,y;iy. kiyiaf;fy; vd;wiog;GJ xU fhyj;jpy; tof;fkhf ,Ue;jJ. GwehD}wpy; ,ka kiyia tlngUq;fy; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,NJ Nghy; fy; ehL vd;gJ fHehlfkhf kUtpaJ. ,jpypUe;J fHehlfj;jpw;Fk; fHehlf rq;fPjj;jpw;Fk; vt;tpj njhlHGk; fpilahJ. fp.gp 1116 Kjy; 1127 tiu k`huh\;buhit mLj;J njw;fz;lj;jpypUe;J FWepy kd;dzhd NrhNk];tuGy; Nkhfd; xU ,ir Nkijahthd;. ,td; khdnrhy;Nyrk; vd;w xU ,ir E}iy vOjpatd;. ,tdJ ,irahHtk; jdf;Fj; njw;NfapUe;J (fPNoapUe;j) fHehlfj;ijg; ghHj;J jkpopirf;F fHehlf ,ir vd;W kjy; kjypy; ngaupl;lhd;. ,J xU Fwpg;ghf fPNo apUe;J fHehlfj;jpd; ngauhy; fHehlf ,ir vd;W toq;fpdhd;. 13k; E}w;whz;by; fuq;fNjtH ,aw;wpa rq;fPj uj;dfhuk; vd;w Kjy; tlNkhop ,ir E}ypd; gz;zpd; ngaHfs; jkpopNyNa Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,ir njhlHghd kjy; tlE}y; ,JthFk;. ,jpy; fHehlf ,ir uhfq;fs; jkpopNyNa cs;sd. ,jpy; Njthutjdp vdTk;> jkpopy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;LssJ. ,d;W ,itfs; kiwf;fg;gl;L tpl;ld. fHehlf ,ir jkpopy; ,Ue;J fsthlg;gl;lJ vd;gjw;F ,ijtplr; rpwe;J Mjhuk; Njitapy;iy. mLj;J ghHg;gdpaj;jpd; ,ir vdTk; mij ,iwtd; mUspdhd; vd;w NkhrbiaAk; ghHg;Nghk;. gj;jhk; E}w;whz;lstpy; vOjg;gl;l Ntjk;;> ,ir> ehl;bak; njhlHghf vd;d $Wfpd;wJ vd;gijg; ghHg;Nghk;. mtHfs; rhk Ntjj;jpy; ,Ue;Nj fHehlf ,ir Njd;wpaJ vdg; ngha; $WtJ tof;fkhf cs;sJ. Njj;jpy; gpuhkzHfs; Mly;> ghly;fspy; <LgLtJ jpl;ltl;Lkhfj; jilnra;ag;gl;L ,Ue;jJ. ,ij kPWgtHfs; ghHg;gdpa Nrupfspy; xJf;fp tplg;gl;ldH. ,J njhlHghf cgeplj;jpYk;> rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpYk; gy Fwpg;Gfs; cz;L. kD rh];jpuj;jpy; ehyhtJ mj;jpahaj;jpy; cs;s gjpide;jhtJ ghlypy; MLtJ ghLtJ $lhJ vdg; gpuhkzHfl;F cgNjrpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,tHfspd; kuGg;gb> Ntjg;gb ,ir njhlHghd mbg;gil mwpT $l ,Uf;ftpy;iy. jkpo; gFjpAld; Vw;gl;l njhlHig mLj;Nj ,irAld; ghlNtz;Lk; vd;w Mty; ghHg;gzHfl;F Vw;gl;lJ. ,jd; gpd;G upf;Ntjj;jpy; ,yFthd gFjpiag; gpupj;J rhkNtjk; vd;w gFjpia cUthf;fp mjw;F rhkfhdk; vd;W ngaupl;Lg; ghbdH. mJ xU ,irahfNt ,Uf;ftpy;iy. ,ijg; ghHg;gzHfNs Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sdH. rhkfhzk; vd cUthf;fpa ,ir eup CisapLtijg; Nghd;Ws;sJ vdTk; ghHg;gzHfs; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sdH. ghHg;ghdpd; ~~kDrq;|| fijapy ehyhtJ gFjpapy; 124MtJ Fwpg;gpy; rhkNtj ,irAk; mjd; ,irapd;ik gw;wpAk; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. upf;Ntjj;jpy; vl;lhtJ mj;jpahaj;jpy; 5jhtJ Fwpg;gpYs;s 160tJ ghlypy; rhkfhdk; ghLk; NghJ eup CisapLtJ Nghy; cs;sJ vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. upf; Ntjj;jpd; vl;lhtJ gFjpapy; rhkfhdk; fhJf;F jtis fj;JtJ Nghy; cs;sJ vd Mapuk; Mz;LfSf;F Kd; ghHg;gdNu Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sdH. MdNt fHehlf rq;fPjk; vd;gJ ghHgzHfspd; nrhe;jr; ruf;fy;y. khwhf jkpoHfsplk; ,Ue;J rjp%yk; ifg;gw;wpajhFk;.

,e;jpahtpd; gy gFjpfspy; ,Ue;J cUthf;fg; gl;ljhff; $Wk; rptNrfuj;jpd; $w;W ghHg;gzpaj;jpd; Nritia nkr;RtjhFk;. ghHg;gzHfs; Mly; ghly;fspy; <LgLtJ jil nra;ag;gl;bUe;J fhyj;jpy; mtHfsplk; ,ir vJTk; ,Uf;ftpy;iy. ,ij ehk; NkYk; Muhapd; ,d;W fHehlf rq;fPjj;jpy; cs;s rk];fpUjr; nrhw;fis vLg;gpd; fPHj;jid vd;gJ tlnrhy;yy;y. fPHj;jp vd;w jkpo;r; nrhy;ypy; ,Ue;J fPHj;jid vd;w nrhy;iy cUthf;fpdhHfs;. ,irg;ghl;L vd;gJ nre;Jiu> te;Jiu> tup> cU vdj;jkpopy; miof;fg;gLtjhFk;. ,jpy; fPHj;jid vd;w fHehlf ,irr; nrhy; cU vd;gjpy; ,Ue;J cUthdNj. ,e;j cU vd;gJ njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy; $lf;F Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. gy;ytp vd;gJ gy;+jspH vd;gjpypUe;J cUthdJ. mjhtJ gy;ytp vd;gJ jkpopy; jspHjy; vd tUtjhFk;. mD gy;ytp vd;gJ jkpopy; gpd;dhy; tUtjhFk;. jkpopiriag; gjpide;jhk; E}w;whz;by; Kj;Jj;jhz;ltg; gps;is vd;w jkpoNu xOq;FgLj;jpg; gad; gLj;jpatuhthH. Rje;jpu jhrNdh mjw;Fg; gpd;te;J jpahfuh[Nuh ,d,W ghLk; fHehlf ,ir tbit cUthf;fpdH. ,tHfl;LF fPHj;jid njupahJ. Kj;Jj;jhz;Ltg;gps;is ,t;tpiriaj; Njthlj;jpy; ,Ue;Nj cUthf;fpatH. Vohk; E}w;whz;ilr; NrHe;j Njthu ,ir njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy; ,Ue;Nj cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpw;F Kw;gl;l ehl;Lg;Gw ,irapypUe;J cUthf;fg;gl;lJ vd;gij ehk; $wj;Njitapy;iy. ,d,Ws;s fHehlf ,irapYs;s xt;NtU rk];fpupjr; nrhy;Yk;.ve;j jkpo; nrhy;ypypUe;J cUthdJ vd;gjw;F jkpopy; kpfr;rpwe;j Mjhuq;fs; cz;L. fph;j;jid> gy;ytp> Njhb> ruzk;> fy;ahzp> jpUr;rq;fuhguzk;> mjpfhkNgjp ...... ........ vd;w midj;J rk];fpUjr; nrhy;Yk; ve;jj; jkpo; nrhy;ypypUe;J fsthlg;gl;lJ vd epWt Kbak;. ,d;W r>up>f>k>g>j>ep vd;w rk];fpUj nrhw;fs; jkpopirahd Fuy;> Rj;jk;> iff;fpis> cio> ,op> tpsup vd;w nrhw;fspypUe;Nj fsthlg;gl;lJ. 1917k; Mz;L jQ;ir Mgpufhk; gz;bjH ~fHzhkpuj rhfuk;| vd;w 1500 gf;fq;fs; nfhz;l E}ypy; fHehlf ,ir jkpopypUe;J vg;gb fsthlg;gl;lJ vd;gij kpfTk; njspthf epWtpAs;shH. mij mf;fhyj;jpy; ,Ue;J gy rq;fPj tpj;Jthd;fhs; Vw;Wf; nfhz;lij> mNj E}ypy; mtutHfshy; rkHgpf;fg;gl;l klypd; %yk; cs;sllf;fg; gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;J jopy; VO ,irasT njhlHghf 2700 Mz;LfSf;F Kd; vOjpa njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpYk; MjhuKz;L. v];. uhkehjd; vd;w mwpQ;QH ve;nje;Jj; NJthuj;jpy; ,Ue;J ,d;Ws;s fHehlff; fPHj;jid cUthdJ vd;gij Mjhuj;Jld; epWtpAs;shH. Njthu ,irf;F %yk; fhiuf;fhy; mk;ikahH vd;gijAk; ,Wjpahf ele;J jkpohuhr;rp kfhehL Vw;Wf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.

njd;dpe;jpa ,ir> fHehlf ,ir> rh];jpupa ,ir vdg; gy ngaHfSk; ,Ue;Js;sJ. jkpo; nkhopapy; ,ay;> ,ir ehlfk; my;yJ Kj;jkpo;> %d;W jkpo;> jkpo; %d;W vd;w ngaupypUe;J jkpo; fiy Ntnwe;j nkhopf;Fk; MNefkhff; fpilahJ. ,iriag; nghWj;jtiu nrt;tpay; ,ir ,Uf;ftpy;iy. vy;yh nkhopf;Fk; ehl;Lg;Gw ,ir ,Ue;Js;sJ. ehl;Lg;Gw ,iria vLj;Jf; nfhz;lhy; jkpopy; ,d;Dk; mope;J tplhj rpy E}W irtifj; njhFjpfs; cz;L. cjhuzk; xg;ghup ,irtif> jhyhl;L ,irtif> kFb ,irtif> tz;bf;fhug;ghl;L> mWitg;ghl;L> eLifg;ghl;L> fpspg;ghl;L> Fapy;ghl;L> Fwitg;ghl;L> rq;Fg;ghl;L> ieahz;bg;ghl;L> gilg;Gtupg;ghl;L> ghk;ghl;bg;ghl;L> KHj;jdg; ghl;L> gy;yhz;Lg;ghl;L> kaq;F epiyg;ghl;L> Kftupg;ghl;L> ........ ...... vd rpy E}w;Wtifg; ghl;L cz;L. ,jw;F uhfnky;yhk; cz;L. ,e;jr; rpy E}Wg; ghl;Ltif xt;Ntd;Wk; jkf;Fs; gy gpupTfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.

cjhuzkhf njk;khq;F> xw;wiabj; njk;khq;F> ehybj; njk;khq;F> lg;ghj; njk;khq;F> njw;fj;jpj; njk;khq;F> ,Oitj; njk;khq;F my;yJ nel;Lj; njk;khq;F> ..... ..... vdj; njhlHfpwJ. ieahz;b ,ir ia vLg;gpd; njw;fj;ija ieahz;b ,ir> Nrhykiy ieahz;b ,ir> kz;Ntl;b ieahz;b ,ir> ........ ....... vdj; njhlHfpd;wJ. rpe;J ,iria vLg;gpd; fhtbr;rpe;J> topeilr;rpe;J> tisay; rpe;J> Fk;kpr;rpe;J> nfhiyr; rpe;J> ........ ....... vdj; njhlHfpwJ.

gy;NtW gl;l njhopy;tif ,Ug;gjhy; mijr;rhHe;J gytif ehl;Lg;Gw ,irtiffs; ,Ug;gJ ,ay;ghfpd;wJ. ehl;Lg;Gw ,ir njhopiy xl;bAk;> mtHfspd; mtyj;jpYk;> re;Njhrj;jpYk; cUthdJ. ,jpypUe;J rpytw;iw %ykhff; nfhz;Nl fHehlf ,ir cUthdJ. me;jj; jkpopiriaf; fsthba ghHg;gzHfs; mijr; rK];fpUj (njYq;F) ,irahf ,e;jpa ,e;J ,irahf khw;wpAs;sdH. ,e;epiyapy; jkpo;> ehl;Lg;Gw ,iria kPl;NlLf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,J Kw;W KOjhf fHehlf rq;fPjj;jpy; ,Ue;J Kw;W KOjhf NtWgl;lJ.

ehl;Lg;Gw ,irapypUe;H mij mse;J nfhs;Sk; tifapy; xU vOj;J KiwAld; $ba ,ir msTBfhy; cUthf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. me;J tifapy; j>e>u>y>..... .... vd;w mjpfstpy; tUk; ehl;Lg;Gw ,irg;ghly;fisf; nfhz;L Gjpa mstPl;L Kiwiaf; iff;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ,J eilKiwAld; $ba me;J ciof;Fk; kf;fspd; ,iriaj; NjLtJld; njhlHGilaJ. ,jd; %yk; fHehlf rq;fPjj;jpd; vOj;Jf;fspd; mjpHntz;fSf;F ,irthf ,jw;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

r-240> up- 256> f-258> k-324> g-360> j-384> ep-485 vd;w mjpHntz; msTNfhy; Nghy; ehl;Lg;Gw ,iria mstpLk; GjpaNjhH Kiwia cUthf;fNtz;Lk;. ,J j>e>u>y ..... ... vd;w gy ehl;Lg;Gw ,iria mbg;gilahff; nfhz;ljhFk;. ,d;Ws;s fHehlf ,ir Rk;kh ,Ue;J jpd;Dk; xUj;jDf;Nf nghUe;Jk; tifapy; cs;sJ. ,J ciof;fk; kf;fsplk; ,Ue;J Kw;whf md;dpag;gl;Ls;sJ.

kdpjdpd; Kjy; nkhopahd jhsj;jpd; gpd;Ng nkhop cUthdJ. jhsk; clYf;Fs; cs;sJ. cly; jhsfjpapy; ,aq;Ffpd;wJ. jhsj;ijf; ifapy; vLf;Fk; rpdpkh nky;ypifAld; $ba Nkw;fj;ija rPuopT ,ir vd;gJ kdpjdpd; czHr;rpiaf; Fog;gp kOq;fbf;fpd;wJ. czHr;rp kdpjdplk; ,Ue;J gwpl;L vOtJ> mij rpijg;gjd; %yk; mtdpd; ,irawpit ,y;yhJ xOpf;fpd;wJ.

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