%d;whk; cyf Aj;jj;jpd; tpspk;gpy; cyfk;

 

cyfg; nghyp];fug; Nghl;bapy; <Lgl;bUf;Fk; Vfhjpgj;jpaq;fs; ngha;> mtJhWfs;> nghUshju Kw;Wif> nghUshjhu Mjpf;fk;> njhopy; El;g Mjpf;fk; vd cyif Vkhw;wpAk;> gwpj;Jk;> Nkhrb nra;Jk; Mjpf;fhj;jhy; rjpahy; cyf Nkyhd;ik ngw;W cyif Ruz;bf; nfhOj;J Mjpf;fj;ij jf;fitj;Js;sJ. ,e;jnghUshjhu Mjpf;fj;jpy; rpd;d ,og;GfNsh> vjpHg;Gf;fNsh vOk; NghJ cyfpd; KiyKLf;fnfy;yhk; ,uhZt jhf;Fjy; elj;j (,yw;Nwhdpf; Aj;jk;) gpd; epw;f;fhj Idehafj;ij mbg;gilahf nfhz;l mikjpahd td;Kiwaw;w cyif gpuflzk; nra;J ghJfhf;fpd;wdH.

gy;fd; kPjhd mnkhpf;fh jiyikapy; Vfhjpgj;jpaj;jpd; xU gFjp njhlq;fpa Mf;fpukpg;G Aj;jk;> %d;whk; cyf Aj;jj;jf;fhd Kd; jahhpg;ghFk;. etPd MAjq;fs; ifahs;tJ> MAjj;jpd; gad;ghl;il ghpNrhjpg;gJ> cs; ehl;L neUf;fbfis jtpHg;gJ> Gjpa Mjpf;f kz;lyq;fis ifg;gw;WtJ> ,uhZt $l;Lfis Muha;tJk; ghpNrhjpg;gJld; nghUshjhu eyd;fis gq;F Nghl;Lf; nfhs;tJ vd Aj;jk; jdJ Nfhuh Kfj;ij ntspg;gLj;jpAs;sJ. Vd; gpuQ;R guhskd;wj;Jf;F $l mwptpf;fhJ Aj;jj;ij njhlq;fp jkJ Idehaf ghuskd;wq;fisNa Nfypf;Fhpahjhf;fpaJld;> jdJ ke;jphprigapy; $l tpthjpf;fhJ jkJ Ruz;lYf;fhd Aj;j Mjpf;f ntwpia MSk; Idehaf tbtq;fs; ntspg;gLj;jpd.

NrHgpa Njrpathjpfs; ,dtjj;ij fpswp nrhe;j ,dj;ij rhHe;J kw;w ,dq;fs; kPJ elj;jp tUk; njhlHr;rpahd jhf;Fjypy; xLf;fg;gl;l ,dkf;fs; jkJ RaepHzaj;ij Nfhhp NghuhNtz;ba epiyf;Fs; js;sg;gl;ldH. ,e;j tifapy; NfhrNth jiytHfs; nrhe;j tHf;fg; Nghuhl;lk; rhh;e;J RaepHzaj;ijf; Nfhuh jtwp Vfhjpgj;jpak; Nehf;fp ifNae;jpa epiyapy;> Vfhjpgj;jpaj;jplk; gapw;rpfis ngw;w (nIHkdpaplk;) epiyapYk;> epakhd RaepHzaf; Nfhhpf;ifia Vfhjpgj;jpaj;jpd; fhYf;F fPo; ,l;Lr;nrd;W Mf;fpukpg;Gf;F gf;fgykhf khwpaJ vd;gJ> epahkhd Nfhhpf;if$l Vfhjpgj;jpa mbikj;jdj;Jf;F xg;gkpl;ljhFk;.

Aj;j jahhpg;gpy; <Lgl;l Vfhjpgj;jpaq;fs; mikjp xg;ge;jk; vd;w ngahpy; elj;jpa ehlfq;fs;> mjd; njhlHr;rpapy; NfhrNth gpujpepjp ifnaOj;jpl;l ruj;Jf;fs; %yk; Vfhjpgj;jpa Mf;fpukpg;ig ,yFgLj;jpa tuyhW NfhrNth kf;fspd; epahakhd Nfhhpf;ifapd; Nky;my;y. khwhf jkJ Vfhjpgj;jpa juF jdj;jhy; kf;fspd; Jd;g Jauq;fis tpw;W Vfhjpgj;jpa MSk;tHf;fq;spd; vYk;GfSf;fhf Nrhuhk; NghdtHfs;. jhf;Fjy; njhlq;fpa gpd; rHtNjr hPjpahf NfhrNthtpd; epahakhd Nghuhl;lk; gpd;js;sg;gl;L Vfhjpgj;jpa Mf;fpukpg;G mk;gyg;gl> Kd;G ifnaOj;jpl;ltH jpBH vd NrHgpa jiytHfspd; iffis FYf;fpagb Vfhjpgj;jpa Mf;fpukpg;ig epWj;jf; Nfhhpajd; %yk; Vfhjpgj;jpa ehpj;jdj;ijAk;> Vfhjpgj;jpa xg;ge;jq;fs;> me;j kf;fspd; epahakhf gpujpgypf;fhJ ifnaOj;Jf;F cs;sdijAk; mk;gyg;gLj;jpaJ.

NrHgpa kf;fs; ,uz;lhk; cyfAj;jpy; ghrprj;ij vjphj;J tPukpf;f tuyhw;iw fk;A+dp];l;Lfs; jiyikapy; elj;jpdH. nghJthf kw;iwa Njrpa ,dq;fs; ghrprj;Jld; rkurk; fz;l epiyapy; tsHr;rp ngw;w Nghuhl;lk; xd;wpide;j A+f;Nfhrpytpait RaepHzaj;jpd; mbg;ilapy; ntd;W vLj;jdH. bl;Nlh gpd;dhy; fk;A+dprj;ij iftpl;L eLepiy Ntlk; Nghl;L Kjyhspj;Jtj;ij kPl;l epiyapy;> RaepHzaj;ij iftpl;ljhy; Njrpa ,dKuz;ghL tsHr;rpngw;wJ.

nIHkdpa ghrpl;Lfs; jkJ ,uz;lhk; cyf Aj;jjpd; jkJ nId;k tpNuhjpfis gopthq;f fhj;Jf; fple;j epiyapy; ,e;j Njrpa ,d Kuz;ghl;by; jiyapl;ldH. Kd;G ngh];rpdpah> FNuhrpah gpur;ridapy; MHghl;lq;fis jpl;lkpl;l Kd;wtJ rf;jp xd;W> jpBH vd fj;Njhypf;f Nfhapy;fs; %yk; MAjq;fis toq;fp Aj;jij njhlf;fpitj;jdH.

,d;W NfhNrhNth gpur;ridia Xl;b Nehl;Nlhtpd; jhf;FjYf;F Kd;Ng NrHgpa gilfs; ,Ue;j gpuNjrq;fspy; NfhrNth kf;fis mq;F Nghuhbf; nfhz;bUe;j FOf;fs; fl;lag;gLj;jp Nehl;Nlh jhf;Fjy; elj;jg; Nghtjhf $wp ntspNaw;wpdH. (,J Nghy; ,yq;ifapy; aho;Flhehl;il ,yq;if muR Mf;fpukpg;G nra;j NghJ Gypfs; nra;jdH.) khWGwk; NrHgpa MAjg;gilfs; kf;fis ntspNaw;wpaJld; rpy gFjpfspy; gLnfhiyfisAk; nra;jdH. NfhrNth gFjpapy; Nehl;Nlh jhf;FjYf;F Kd;Ng nrayw;wpf; nfhz;bUe;j 2000 Nkw;gl;l kdpj chpik kw;Wk; gj;jphpif Jiwiar; NrHe;Njhiu ntspNaw Nfhhpa Nehl;Nlh> ,jd; %yk; mfjpfs; ntspNaw;wj;ij Kd;$l;bNa Jhpjg;gLj;jpdH. ,e;j fsj;jpy; nray; gl;ltHfNs gy;NtW tifapy; jhf;FjYf;fhd Njitia Nkw;f;Fehl;L kf;fSf;Fs;; gpur;rhuk; nra;jtHfs; MtH. Vd; nrQ;rpYitr; rq;fk; jw;NghJk; NrH;gpa gilfspd; jhf;Fjy; epiyfis milahsk; fhl;Lk; tifapy; nray;gLtJk; mk;gykhfpAs;sJ. mj;Jld; Aj;jj;jpd; Muk;gj;jpy; INuhg;gpa kf;fspilNa epytpa vjpHg;ig> nrQ;rpYit rq;fk; cl;gl;l gy;NtW mikg;Gfs; kdpjgpkhd gpr;ir Nfl;L INuhg;gpa kf;fsplk; nrd;W Aj;jj;Jf;F Mjhuthd gpur;ruj;ij kiwKfkhf nra;Js;sdH. Vd; ghjpf;fg;gl;l NrHgpa kf;fSf;F cjt Kd;tuhj ,t; mikg;Gfs;> jhf;Fjiy epWj;jf; NfhuKbahJ Aj;jthjpfshf> Aj;jjpd; gpd; nrd;W Aj;j flikapy; <LgLfpd;wdH. kf;fsplk; NrHf;Fk; nghUl;f;fis ,uhZt tpkdq;fspy; nfhz;L nrd;W> ,uhZtNk jkJ cjtpahf tpepNahfpj;j Aj;j kdpjgpkhdpahf fhl;lg;gLfpd;wJ. (,ijj;jhd; ,e;jpa ,uhZtk; vk; kz;zpy; nra;jJ.)

Ftpe;J te;j mfjpfis jPBH vd Ie;J yl;rk; vd mwptpj;J %f;Filgl;l Nehl;Nlh> gpd;dhy; mfjpiaf; fhl;b Aj;jij epag;gLj;jpa epiyapy; NrH;gpa muR mfjpia jpUg;gp mioj;j epiyapy; xU ,utpy; 60000 mfjpfs; kPs nrd;wij mLj;J Nehl;Nlh kPsTk; %f;Filgl;lJ. ,ijj; njhlHe;J mfjpfis gy;NtW ehLfSf;F tpkhdk; %yk; gyf;fhukhf> Vq;F nfhz;L nry;yg; gLfpd;wdH vd mwptpahJ Vw;wp mZg;gg;gl;ldH. ,tHfs; FLk;gq;fs; rpy gphpf;fg;gl;L kf;fSld; njhlHgw;w Kl;fk;gpfspd; gpd;dhy; ghJfhg;gpd; ngahpy; milj;J gz;izahf;fg;gl;Ls;sdH. ,it ,d;W mtHfspd; nra;jpfspy; gpd; fhl;LtJ kiwf;fg;gl;Ltpl;lJ. Vd; JUf;fpa ghrpl;Lfs; NrH;gpaiu tpl Nkhrkhf FUl;B];jhd; kf;fis Ntl;ilaahb kf;fid nfhd;Wk; mfjpahf;Fk; ,tHfs; mfjpfSf;F ghJfhg;G nfhLj;J jkJ ghrprj;ij nts;isahf;fpd;wdH.

,e;j epiyapYk; NfhrNthtpy; thOk; NrHgpa kf;fs; ve;j jhf;FjiyAk; NfhrNth kf;fs; kPJ elj;jtpy;iy. mNj Neuk; NrH;gpa kw;wk; NfhrNth murpay; Mjpf;f gphpTfis vjpHj;j RaepHzaj;ij NfhUk; NrH;gpa NfhrNth thjpfis ,U gFjpAk; jhf;FtJ mk;gyg;gl;Lg; Ngha;As;sJ. mfjpfis epHge;jpj;Jk;> Vkhw;wpAk; Nehl;Nlhthy; cUthf;fg;gl;L tUk; $ypg;gilapy; 40000 Nky; NrHf;fg;gl;L MAjkag;gLj;jp> Vfhjpgj;jpa eyDf;fhf gypapl jiur;rz;ilapy; ,wf;fg;gLfpd;wdH.

NrH;gpah MSk; Njrpathjpfs; Vfhjpgj;jpa MjhuhTld; Nghyp fkpA+dp];l;Lf;F vjpuhf Idehafj;ij kPl;L Ml;rpgPlk; vWk;tiu Vfhjpgj;jpak; Njitahd cjtpfisAk; Idehafthjpfshf epWtp ghJfhj;J tsHj;jd; %yk; > ,Ue;j kf;fs;eyd; rhhe;j eyd;fis vy;yhk; Ruz;Lk; Vfhjpgj;jpa nfhs;isf;fhf xopj;Jf;fl;bdH. ,jd; njhlHr;rpapy; kf;fspd; vjpHg;G> vOr;rpfs; vy;yhtw;iwAk; jLf;f Njitg;gl;l ,dgpsit Vfhjpgj;jpa jaTld; njhlq;fpa NghJk;> mjd; vy;iyfle;J nrhe;j Njrpak; rhhe;j Njrpa ntwpahf tsHe;j NghJjhd; Vfhjpgj;jpa eyd;fs; neUf;fbf;Fs;shdJ. gy;fdpYk; mijr; Rw;wpAk; mikjpahd Ruz;ly; vd;gJ Njrpathjpfshy; rpf;fYf;Fs;shfpaJld;> re;ijfs; Vfhjpgj;jpaJf;F ,ilapy; ,Ogwpepiyia Njhw;Wtpj;j epiyapy; ,ijf;fl;Lg;gLj;j Vfhjpgj;jpa Mf;fpukpg;G mtrpakhfptpl;lJ.

xU Nfhb rdj;njhifiaf; nfhz;l NrHgpapy; NfhHrt kf;fshfpa my;NgdpaH 18 yl;rk; NgH MtH. ,J NfhrNthtpy; ,uz;L yl;rk; NrHgpaiuAk;> 18 yl;rk; my;NgdpaiuAk; nfhz;l gFjpahf ,Ue;jJ. efH kakhjy; 51.2 tPjkhf ,Uf;f ,e;j NrHgpa kf;fs; ,uz;lhk; cyf Aj;jj;jpy; fk;A+d];l;Lfs; jiyikapy; tPukpf;f nfhhpyhg; Nghuhl;lj;ij elj;jpaJld;> ,uz;lhk; cyf Aj;jj;jpy; ,aq;fpa kpfg; nghpa nfhhpyh FOthfTk; ,aq;fpa tPu tuhyhw;iw rhjpj;j kf;fs; MtH. ,e;j tPukpf;f ghrprj;Jf;F vjpuhd Nghuhl;lj;jhy; ,uz;lhk; cyf Aj;jjpy; %d;wtJ nghpa ,og;igr; re;jpjdH.

,e;j kf;fspd; r%f nghUshjhu epiyfis Muha;Nthk;.

Mz;L

1946

1955

1970

1974

1977

1978

1980

1985

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

jdpegH tUkhdk; nlhyhpy;

-

-

-

-

-

-

2890

2570

2680

2630

2360

1870

1480

1450

  

Njrpa tUkhdk; (100 Nfhbapy;)

-

-

-

-

-

-

28.7

    

27.7

24.6

19.6

15.5

15.4.

16.3

Ntiyapd;ik

-

-

-

-

-

-

11.9

    

15.9

20.5

22.8

23.9

23.9

24.7

Njrpa %jyPL %

            

-

    

19.1

19.1

15.9

-

-

-

ntspehl;L fld; (100 Nfhbapy;)

            

-

18.4

17.3

16.5

-

5.3

5.6

5.6

6.5

Vw;Wkjp (100 Nfhbapy;)

            

7.5

3.8

-

4.6

4.7

2.539

-

-

-

,wf;Fkjp

            

13.2

4.6

-

6.7

5.5

3.859

-

-

-

NfhJik cw;gj;jp

Mapuk; njhd;dpy;

1800

2436

3792

6283

5595

5355

5078

4859

-

4109

    

3049

3249

  

Nrhsk;

1725

3900

6933

8031

9870

7376

4686

9891

-

4719

-

-

1292

2222

  

ML> khL

Mapuj;jpy;

8848

17269

14003

13533

13125

13056

2597

12898

-

2098

-

-

1991

1808

  

gd;wp

2763

47805

5544

7401

7326

8452

4876

8673

-

4354

-

-

4092

3692

-

tUl cw;gj;jpapy; tpthraj;jpy; khw;wk; tPjj;jpy;

            

-

-

4>0

- 7>0

9>7

- 17>8

- 3>3

4>0

6>0

epyf;fhp (Mapuk; njhd;dpy;)

    

-

      

-

41267

-

-

40410

40105

37434

38145

-

ngw;Nwhy;

21.3

257.2

2854

3458

3950

4100

-

1127

-

-

1100

1165

1148

1078

-

nrg;G

46

57.4

188.2

272.1

262.5

267.1

-

135

-

-

134

115

51

72

-

mYkpdpak;

0.6

11.5

47.7

147.1

176.5

180

-

271

-

-

76

67

26

6>9

-

cUf;F

202

805

2228

2836

2580

2422

-

923

-

-

725

665

183

137

-

kpd;rhuk; gj;J yl;rk; fpNyh thw;

1614

6950

40765

60115

69185

+ 51358

-

38683

-

-

39453

36488

34156

35353

-

iuf;lu;

    

-

      

-

43615

-

-

23865

14423

5369

4508

-

nyhwp

    

-

      

-

11672

-

-

8508

4252

278

697

  

fhH Mapuj;jpy;

    

-

      

-

158

-

-

97

26

8

8>4

-

njhopy;rhiy cw;gj;jpapd; khw;wk; tPjj;jpy;

    

-

      

-

1>0

-

-

- 17>6

- 21>4

- 37>3

1>2

3>8

 

NrHgpa Vw;Wkjp ,wf;Fkjp ahiur; rhhe;Js;sJ vdg; ghHg;Nghk;.

ehLfspd; tif

Vw;Wkjp 1993 ,y; tPjj;jpy;

,wf;Fkjp 1993 ,y; tPjj;jpy;

toikahd el;G ehLfs;

45.9

40.3

Kd;Ndwpa ehLfs;

44.8

51.5

gpd;jq;fpa ehLfs;

9.3

8.2

 

cw;gj;jp tiffs;

vd;d tifapy;

tPjj;jpy;

jdpahH

92>3

muR

3>4

$l;LwT

2>3

fye;jit

2>0

 

1994 ,y; 3>62 NgH ruhrhpahf xU tPl;by; tho;e;jdH.

1993 ,y; 1000 NgUf;F 5>9 jpUkdk; ele;jJ. 1000 NgUf;F 119>2 tptfuj;J ele;jJ.

1994 ,y; 1000 NgUf;F 14 itj;jpaH ,Ue;jdH. 1000 NgUf;F 167 njhiyf; fhl;rp ,Ue;jJ. 890 Fsp&l;b ,Ue;jJ. 350 Nguplk; thfdk; ,Ue;jJ.

1000 NgUf;F 93>3 Muk;g fy;tp kztHfSk;> 35>2 ,Wjpahz;L kztHfSk;> 11>6 gy;fiyf; fof kztHfSk; ,Ue;jdH.

Af;NfhrpNytpah kf;fspd; tho;f;ifjuk; ,uz;lhk; cyf Aj;jpd; gpd; mjpfhpj;J nrd;wJk; gpd;dhy; 1980f;F gpd;dhy; gbg;gbahf Fiwe;J nrd;wij Nky; cs;s ml;ltid fhl;Lfpd;wJ. cw;gj;jp Fiwe;J nrd;wijAk;> Ntiyapd;ik mjpfhpj;ijAk;> Vfhjpgj;jpa nghUshjhu Mjpf;fk;> njhlHr;rpahd Aj;jk;> ehLfs; gphpe;jJk; jdpegH tho;f;ifj;juk; kpfTk; fPo; Nehf;fp efHe;Js;sJ. ,e;j epiyfspy; Aj;jk;> ,dKuz;ghL NkYk; NkYk; jPtpukhf;Ftjd; %yk; thf;fg; Nghuhl;lj;ij jLf;f mtrpakhfpd;wJ.

NrHgpah Njrpathjpfs; mg;ghtpkf;fis fpukk; fpukkhf jhf;fpAk;> gLnfhiy nra;Jk; te;j epiyapy; ,ij Vfhjpgj;jpak; rhl;lhf Kd;itj;j jhf;FjYf;Fk;> Mf;fpukpg;Gf;Fk; epahq;fis Kd;itj;jdH. NrHgpa Njrpathjpfs; nrhe;j kf;fis cr;r mstpy; Ruz;lTk;> Vfhjpgj;jpaj;jplk; ehl;il mlFitj;jij kiwf;fTk;> kw;iw ,dq;fs; kPjhd jhf;Fjy; njhlH tuyhwhf cs;sJ. Kd;G ngh];rpdpah ngz;fis ,dj; Jha;ikia fsq;fg;gLj;j ngz;fis Mapuk; Mapukhf ghypay; td;Kiwf;Fs;shf;fp; gLnfhiy nra;Jk; jkJ Njrpa ,dntwpia ghiwrhw;wpdH. ele;jJk;> elf;Fk;> njhlh;tJk; tsHr;rp ngw;WtUk; tHf;fg; Nghuhl;lj;ij jLf;fTk;> kPz;Lk; fk;A+dprk; vw;glhJ jLf;fTk; Njrpa ntwpia fpswp ghrprj;ij epiyehl;l cUthf;fg;gl;l Aj;jk;> Vfhjpgj;jpa Kuz;ghl;bd; ntbg;ghf mjd; gpujpgypg;Gfis vw;gLj;jpAs;sJ.

If;fpa ehl;Lrig Clhf xU jhf;Fjiy njhLf;f KbahJ vdf; fz;L nfhz;l Vfhjpgj;jpak;> Nehl;Nlh %yk; jdJ Mf;fpukpg;ig njhlq;fpdH. ,e;j Mf;fpukpg;gpd; gpd;dH mjpfhpj;j Fz;Lj;jhf;Fjhyhy;> NrHgpa kf;fspd; ntw;wpfs; mopf;fg;gl> kWGwk; NrHgpa ,dntwp NfhrNth kf;fspd; midj;J nrhj;JfisAk; vhpj;Jk; nfhs;isabj;Jk; me;j kf;fis me;j kz;zpy; ,Ue;J gLnfhiyA+lhf vy;iyf;F mg;ghy; Juj;jpAs;sJ. nrhe;j ,dj;jpd; tpLjiyf;F kf;fSf;Fs; ,Ue;J Nghuhba NfhrNth kf;fspd; tPukhd Nghuhl;lk; Vfhjpgj;jpa Mf;fpukpg;ghy;> Kw;whf eRf;fg;gl;L mopf;fg;gl;L> nrhe;jkz;izAk; tuhywhf cUthf;fpa nghUshjhjuhq;fis vy;yhk; ,oe;J ehjpaw;w mfjpahf> Vfhjpgj;jpaq;fs; jkJ Mf;fpukpg; Clhf khw;wpAs;sJ. ,J NkYk; Vfhjpgj;jpa Efj;jbapy; mk; kf;fis mlf;fTk;> vjpHfhyj;jpy; rHtNjr epjpaq;fspd; epge;jidf;Fs; mbikf;fhd xg;ge;jq;fis xg;gkpl epHge;jpf;Fk; Mf;fpukpg;ghFk;.

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